Saussure e grida

• 26. La grammatica universale nella storia

  In questa puntata esploriamo il concetto di grammatica universale, partendo dalla celebre formulazione di Noam Chomsky negli anni ’50, per poi intraprendere una panoramica storica che ne rivela radici ben più antiche.L’idea centrale è che esista una struttura innata e universale nella mente umana che rende possibile l’acquisizione del linguaggio, nonostante le evidenti differenze tra le lingue del mondo. Un concetto spesso attribuito esclusivamente a Chomsky, ma che in realtà affiora in diverse epoche e culture. Scopriremo insieme come molte intuizioni moderne fossero già presenti, in forme embrionali, nel pensiero di filosofi, grammatici e teologi del passato, e quanto la ricerca di una grammatica universale abbia attraversato e influenzato l’intera storia del pensiero occidentale.Grafiche: Gianluca La BrunaLa sigla è stata prodotta da White Hot e fornita da https://freebeats.ioFonti:Aarsleff, H. (1969). The state of nature and the nature of man in Locke. In: J.W. Yolton (Ed.) John Locke: Problems and perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 99-136.Baskin, W., Meisel, P. & Saussy, H. (2011). Course in general linguistics. New York: Columbia University Press.Cardona, G. (1997) [1976]. Pāṇini: A Survey of Research. Motilal Banarsidass.Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic structures. The Hague: Mouton.Chomsky, N. (1962). Explanatory models in linguistics. In: E. Nagel, P. Suppes & A. Tarski (Eds.) Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press: 528-550.Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. MIT Press.  Chomsky, N. (1966). Cartesian linguistics: A chapter in the history of rationalist thought. New York: Harper and Row.Chomsky, N. (2000). New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Chomsky, N. & Berwick, R.C. (2016). Why Only Us?. MIT Press.Cohen, M. (1977). Sensible words: Linguistic practice in England 1640-1785. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.Covington, M.A. (1984). Syntactic theory in the High Middle Ages: Modistic models of sentence structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Eco, U. (1993). La ricerca della lingua perfetta nella cultura europea. Rome-Bari: Laterza.Gillon, B. S. (2007). Pāṇini’s “Aṣṭādhyāyī” and Linguistic Theory. Journal of Indian Philosophy, 35(5/6), 445–468.Greenberg, J.H., Osgood, C.E., & Jenkins, J.J. (1966). Memorandum concerning language universals. In: J.H. Greenberg (Ed.) Universals of language, 2nd edn. (pp. 15-27). Cambridge MA: MIT Press.Hall, R. (1969). Some recent studies on Port-Royal and Vaugelas. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 12:207-233.Hjelmslev, L. (1928). Principes de grammaire générale. Historisk-Filologiske Meddelelser. 16(1).Jespersen, O. (1958) [1924]. The philosophy of grammar. London: George Allen and Unwin.Kak, S.C. (1987). The Paninian approach to natural language processing. International Journal of Approximate Reasoning, 1(1):117-130. Koerner, E.F.K. (1995). History of typology and language classification. In: E.F.K. Koerner & R.E. Asher (Eds.) Concise history of the language sciences: From the Sumerians to the cognitivists (pp. 212-217). Oxford: Pergamon Press. McGilvray, J. (2016). On the History of Universal Grammar. In: I. Roberts (Ed.) Handbook of Universal Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Murphy, J.J. (1974). Rhetoric in the Middle Ages: A History of Rhetorical Theory from St. Augustine to the Renaissance. Berkeley: University of California Press.Nolan, E. & Hirsch, S.A. (1902). The Greek Grammar of Roger Bacon and a Fragment of his Hebrew Grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Pariente, J.C. (1992). La position de la grammaire rationelle. In: M. Dascal, D. Gerhardus, K. Lorenz & G. Meggle (Eds.). Philosophy of language: An international handbook of contemporary research (pp. 620-637). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. Thomas, M. (1995) Medieval and Modern Views of Universal Grammar and the Nature of Second Language Learning. Modern Language Journal 79:345-355.Saussure, F.d. (1916). Cours de Linguistique Générale. In: T.d. Mauro (Ed.) Paris: Payot.Thomas, M. (2004). Universal grammar in second language acquisition: A history. London: Routledge.

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• 25. Gesti: output visivo nella nostra cognizione?

  In questa puntata esploriamo il ruolo dei gesti nella comunicazione umana, approfondendo il campo dei gesture studies. Studi scientifici hanno infatti dimostrato che gesti e linguaggio verbale sono strettamente collegati, rappresentando due espressioni dello stesso processo cognitivo. Questo ha portato alcuni ricercatori a ipotizzare un’origine gestuale del linguaggio, suggerendo che la facoltà del linguaggio possa essersi evoluta proprio a partire dai gesti!Grafiche: Gianluca La Bruna La sigla è stata prodotta da White Hot e fornita da https://freebeats.ioFonti:Arbib M.A. (2005). From monkey-like action recognition to human language: An evolutionary framework for neurolinguistics. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28:105–124.Bavelas J., Gerwing J., Sutton C., & Prevost D. (2008). Gesturing on the telephone: Independent effects of dialogue and visibility. Journal of Memory and Language, 58:495–520.Bull P.E. (1987). Posture and gesture. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Clements R.L., & Rady A.M. (2012). Urban Physical Education: Instructional Practices and Cultural Activities. Human Kinetics, 12.Condillac E.B. de (1971). An essay on the origin of human knowledge (1756). In R.G. Weyant (Ed.) Facsimile reproduction of the translation of Thomas Nugent. Delmar, NY: Scholars' Facsimiles and Reprints.Corballis M. C. (1992). On the evolution of language and generativity. Cognition, 44(3):197–226.Corballis M.C. (2017). A word in the hand: the gestural origins of language. In M. Mody (Ed.) Neural mechanisms of language. Innovations in cognitive neuroscience (199–218) Boston, MA: Springer.Ekman P., & Friesen W.V. (1969). The repertoire of nonverbal behavior: Categories, origins, usage, and coding. Semiotica, 1:49–98.Finlayson S., Forrest V., Lickley R. & Beck J. (2003) Effects of the restriction of hand gestures on disfluency., Proceedings of Diss, Gothenburg Papers in Theoretical Linguistics, vol. 90, pp. 21-24.Fonagy P. & Target M. (2007). The rooting of the mind in the body: New links between attachment theory and psychoanalytic thought. Journal of American Psychoanalytic Association, 55(2):411–456.Goldin-Meadow S., & Butcher C. (2003). Pointing toward two-word speech in young children. In S. Kita (Ed.) Pointing: Where language, culture, and cognition meet (pp. 85–107). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Gullberg M. (1998). Gesture as a communication strategy in second language discourse: A study of learners of French and Swedish. Lund, Sweden: Lund University Press.Gullberg M. (2006). Some reasons for studying gesture and second language acquisition (Hommage à Adam Kendon). International Review of Applied Linguistics, 44(2), 103-124.Iverson J.M. & Goldin-Meadow S. (1997). What's communication got to do with it: gesture in children blind from birth. Developmental Psychology (33):453–467.Jacobs N., & Garnham A. (2007). The role of conversational hand gestures in a narrative task. Journal of Memory and Language, 56, 291–303.Kendon A. (1980). Gesticulation and speech: two aspects of the process of utterance. In M.R. Key (Ed.) The relationship of verbal and nonverbal communication (pp. 207-227). The Hague: Moutob and co.Kendon A. (2004). Gesture: Visible action as utterance. New York: Cambridge University Press.Kendon A. (2007). On the origins of modern gesture studies. In S.D. Duncan, J. Cassell, E.T. Levy (Eds.) Gesture and the dynamic dimension of language (pp. 13–28). Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins.Kendon A. (2017). Pragmatic functions of gestures. Gesture, 16(2):157–175.Krauss R.K, Chen Y., & Gottesman R.F. (2000). Lexical gestures and lexical access: A process model. In D. McNeill (Ed.), Language and gesture (pp.261–283). New York: Cambridge University Press.Lakoff G. & Johnson M. (1999). Philosophy in the flesh: The embodied mind and its challenge to Western thought. New York, NY: Basic Books.Levelt W.J.M. (1983). Monitoring and self-repair in speech. Cognition, 14:41-104.Levy F. (2012). Mirror neurons, birdsong, and human language: a hypothesis. Frontiers in psychiatry, 2, 78.Mayberry R.I., & Jaques J. (2000). Gesture production during stuttered speech: insights into the nature of gesture-speech integration. In D. McNeill (Ed.) Language and Gesture, (pp. 199–214). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Mayberry R.I., & Nicoladis E. (2000). Gesture reflects language development: Evidence from bilingual children. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9:192–196.McNeill D. (1985). So you think gestures are nonverbal? Psychological Review, 92:271–295.McNeill D. (1987). Psycholinguistics: a new approach. New York: Harper and Row.McNeill D. (1992). Hand and mind: What the hands reveal about thought. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.McNeill D. (2005). Gesture and thought. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Quintiliano, Institutio oratoria.Rizzolatti G., Camarda R., Fogassi L., Gentilucci M., Luppino G. & Matelli M. (1988). Functional organization of inferior area 6 in the macaque monkey. II. Area F5 and the control of distal movements. Experimental Brain Research, (71): 491–507.Rizzolatti G. & Craighero L. (2004). The mirror-neuron system. Annual Review of Neuroscience 27 (1):169–192.Rizzolatti G. & Sinigaglia C. (2010). The functional role of the parieto-frontal mirror circuit: interpretations and misinterpretations. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (11):264-274.Schippers M.B., Roebroeck A., Renken R., Nanetti L., & Keysers C. (2010). Mapping the information flow from one brain to another during gestural communication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(20):9388-9393.Senft G. (2014). Understanding Pragmatics. London: Routledge.Seyfeddinipur M. (2006). Disfluency. Evidence from Speech and Gesture. Nijmegen: Rad-boud University.Veà J.J. & Sabater-Pi J. (1998). Spontaneous pointing behaviour in the wild pygmy chimpanzee bonobos (Pan paniscus). Folia Primatologica, (69):289–290.Vico G. (1744). La scienza nuova. F. Nicolini (Ed.) (1911). Bari: Laterza

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• 24. Suoni linguistici e suoni musicali: stessa cosa o mondi diversi?

  La musica e il linguaggio sono due elementi fondamentali dell’esperienza umana, ma quanto hanno davvero in comune? In questa puntata esploriamo il rapporto tra percezione linguistica e musicale, concentrandoci sugli aspetti fonetici e sulle strutture cognitive che li governano. Attraverso esperimenti e studi neuroscientifici, vediamo insieme come il cervello umano processa il suono, distinguendo (o confondendo) la musica dal linguaggio.Grafiche: Gianluca La BrunaLa sigla è stata prodotta da White Hot e fornita da https://freebeats.ioI richiami dei cercopitechi verdi sono stati tratti dalla pagina web del progetto di ricerca iniziato da Dorothy Cheney e Robert Seyfarth sul comportamento di gruppi di primati del Dipartimento di Biologia e Psicologia dell'Università della Pennsylvania al sito: https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~seyfarth/Baboon%20research/vervet%20vox.htmIl canto della megattera è stato tratto dal canale YouTube del centro di ricerca oceanografico Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5tRMqbPH_pk&ab_channel=MBARI%28MontereyBayAquariumResearchInstitute%29Gli esempi di sinewave speech e del corrispondente clear speech sono stati tratti dall’articolo “How do illusions trick the brain?” di Dana Boebinger, pubblicato il 13 maggio 2022 sul sito del McGovern Institute for Brain Research del MIT (l’articolo menziona l’Università del Sussex per i file originali): https://mcgovern.mit.edu/2022/05/13/use-your-illusion/FONTI:Anvari S., Trainor L.J., Woodside J., & Levy B.A. (2002). Relations among musical skills, phonological processing, and early reading ability in preschool children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 83:111-130.Bargh J.A., & Chartrand T.L. (2000). Studying the Mind in the Middle: A Practical Guide to Priming and Automaticity Research. In H. Reis, & C. Judd (Eds.). Handbook of Research Methods in Social Psychology (pp. 1-39). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Best C.T., & Avery R.A. (1999). Left-hemisphere advantage for click consonants is determined by linguistic significance and experience. Psychological Science, 10:65-70.Carreiras M., Lopez J., Rivero E., & Corina D. (2005). Neural processing of a whistled language. Nature, 433:31-32.Chang E.E, & Merzenich M.M. (2003). Environmental noise retards auditory cortical development. Science, 300:498-502.Cheney D.L., & Seyfarth R.M. (1982). Vervet alarm calls: Semantic communication in free ranging primates. Animal Behaviour, 28:1070-1266.Cuddy L.L., Balkwill L.L., Peretz I., & Holden R.R. (2005). A study of "tone deafness" among university students. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1060:311-324.Dalla Bella S., Giguere, J.E., & Peretz I. (2007). Singing proficiency in the general population. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 121:1182-1189.Darwin C. (1871). The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. London: John Murray.Eliasson S. (1985). Stress alternation and vowel length: new evidence for an underlying nine-vowel system in Swedish. Nordic Journal of Linguistics, 8(2):101-129.Griffiths T.D. (2002). Central auditory processing disorders. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 15:31-33.Hockett C.A., & Altman S. (1968). A note on design features. In: T.A. Sebeok (Ed.), Animal Communication: Techniques of Study and Results of Research (pp. 61-72). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Kalmus H., & Fry D.B. (1980). On tune deafness (dysmelodia): Frequency, development, genetics and musical background. Annals of Human Genetics, 43:369-382.Liu F., Patel A.D., Fourcin A., & Stewart L. (2010). Intonation processing in congenital amusia: discrimination, identification and imitation. Brain, 133(6):1682-1693.Merker B. (2002). Music: The missing Humboldt system. Musicae Scientiae, 1:3-21.Nettl B. (2000). An ethnomusicologist contemplates universals in musical sound and musical culture. In: N.L. Wallin, B. Merker, & S. Brown (Eds.), The Origins of Music (pp. 463-472). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Noad M.J., Cato D.H., Bryden M.M., Jenner M.N., & Jenner K.C.S. (2000). Cultural revolution in whale songs. Nature, 408:537.Patel A. (2008). Music, language and the brain. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Payne K. (2000). The progressively changing songs of humpback whales: A window on the creative process in a wild animal. In: N.L. Wallin, B. Merker, & S. Brown (Eds.), The Origins of Music (pp. 135-150). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Peretz I. (2006). The nature of music from a biological perspective. Cognition, 100:1-32.Peretz I., & Coltheart M. (2003). Modularity of music processing. Nature Neuroscience, 6:688-691.Peretz I., & Hyde K.L. (2003). What is specific to music processing? Insights from congenital amusia. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7:362-367Poeppel D. (2001). Pure word deafness and the bilateral processing of the speech code. Cognitive Science, 25:679-693.Price T., Wadewitz P., Cheney D., Seyfarth R., Hammerschmidt K., & Fischer J. (2015). Vervets revisited: A quantitative analysis of alarm call structure and context specificity. Scientific Report 5, Art. 13220.Seyfarth, R.M., Cheney, D.L. & Marler, P. (1980). Monkey responses to three different alarm calls: Evidence of predator classification and semantic communication. Science 210:801–803.Seyfarth, R.M., Cheney, D.L. & Marler, P. (1980). Vervet monkey alarm calls: semantic communication in a free-ranging primate. Animal Behavior, 28:1070–1094. Slevc L.R., & Miyake A. (2006). Individual differences in second language proficiency: Does musical ability matter? Psychological Science, 17:675-681.Sloboda J.A., Wise K.J., & Peretz I. (2005). Quantifying tone deafness in the general population. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1060: 255-261.Stewart L., von Kriegstein K., Warren J.D., & Griffiths T.D. (2006). Music and the brain: Disorders of musical listening. Brain, 129:2533-2553.Wong P.C.M., Parsons L.M., Martinez M., & Diehl R.L. (2004). The role of the insula cortex in pitch pattern perception: The effect of linguistic contexts. Journal of Neuroscience, 24:9153-9160.Zatorre R.J., Belin P., & Penhune V.B. (2002). Structure and function of auditory cortex: Music and speech. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6:37-46.

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• 23. Hate speech: il discorso d'odio e le sue forme implicite - intervista con Mattia Retta dell'Università di Helsinki

  In questo episodio esploriamo il complesso tema dell'hate speech: ne delimiteremo il concetto, vedremo come questo si manifesta e approfondiremo le sue forme implicite, spesso difficili da riconoscere. A offrirci questa riflessione è Mattia Retta, dottorando in linguistica presso l'Università di Helsinki, che condividerà i punti più importanti e interessanti delle sue ricerche accademiche e la sua conoscenza approfondita della materia, dandoci l’occasione per comprendere meglio i meccanismi del linguaggio d'odio e il suo impatto nella società contemporanea.Grafiche: Gianluca La BrunaLa sigla è stata prodotta da White Hot e fornita da https://freebeats.ioAPPROFONDIMENTI CONSIGLIATI:Bianchi, C. (2021). Hate speech. Il lato oscuro del linguaggio. Bari: Laterza.Faloppa, F (2020). #Odio. Manuale di resistenza alla violenza delle parole. Torino: UTET.Ferrini C., Paris O., (2019), I discorsi dell'odio. Razzismo e retorica nazionalista sui social network. Roma: Carocci.Petrilli, R. (Ed.) (2020). Hate speech. L'odio nel discorso pubblico. Politica, media, società. Roma: Round Robin.PUBBLICAZIONI DI MATTIA RETTA:Löf, R.P., & Retta, M. (2023). Miten radikaali kieli normalisoituu – huumorin ja kaksoispuheen (hyväksi)käyttö eurooppalaisen laitaoikeiston politiikassa [How radical language is normalised - the (mis)use of humour and doublespeak in the politics of the European far right]. The Ulkopolitist, 1.10.2023 https://ulkopolitist.fi/2023/10/01/miten-radikaali-kieli-normalisoituu-huumorin-ja-kaksoispuheen-hyvaksikaytto-eurooppalaisen-laitaoikeiston-politiikassa/Retta, M. (2023). A pragmatic and discourse analysis of hate words on social media. Internet Pragmatics, 6(2):197-218.Retta, M. (2024). Decoding implicit hate speech: Italian political discourse on social media during the COVID-19 pandemic. In S. Cruschina, & C. Gianollo (Eds.) An Investigation of Hate Speech in Italian: Use, Identification, and Perception (:233-279). Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.Retta, M., & Sippola, E. (2024). Kielitiede kestävän kehityksen puolesta ja kestävä kielitiede [Linguistics for sustainable development and sustainable linguistics]. Tempus, 1/2024:14-15

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• 22. Scimmie che 'parlano': mito o realtà?

  In questa puntata diamo uno sguardo a diversi esperimenti condotti per insegnare ai primati forme di linguaggio umano.Dalla lingua dei segni ai simboli grafici, esploriamo i casi più famosi e controversi, analizzando successi e limiti che hanno acceso un vivace dibattito scientifico e culturale: è davvero possibile che le scimmie apprendano la facoltà del linguaggio?Attraverso storie affascinanti e questioni aperte, cerchiamo di capire se queste capacità comunicative rappresentino un passo avanti nella comprensione del linguaggio o se confermino invece l’unicità della nostra specie.Grafiche: Gianluca La BrunaLa sigla è stata prodotta da White Hot e fornita da https://freebeats.io  Fonti:Belsack M., De Gryse P., Spincemaille V, & Vandelanotte L. (1999). Language competence in NHPs. An assessment of the field in the light of a 'universal grammar'. https://www.angelfire.com/sc2/nhplanguage/ftpaper.htmlBettoni M.C. (2021). Yerkish: a visual language for computer-mediated communication by an ape. In: M.M. Soares, E.Rosenzweig & A. Marcus (Eds.) Design, User Experience, and Usability: UX Research and Design. 10th International Conference, DUXU 2021, part of the 23rd HCI International Conference, HCII 2021, Virtual Event, July 24–29, 2021, Proceedings (pp. 351-371).   Deacon, T. (1997). The symbolic species. New York: W W Norton.Deacon T. (2000). Evolutionary perspective on language and brain plasticity. Journal of Communication Disorders, 33:273-291.Deacon T. (2003). Multilevel selection in a complex adaptive system: the problem of language origins. In B. Weber & D. Depew (Eds.), Evolution and learning: the Baldwin effect reconsidered. Bradford Books.Fouts R.S. (1997). Next of kin. London: Michael Joseph Ltd.Fouts R.S. & Fouts D.H. (1993). Chimpanzees' use of sign language. In P. Cavalieri & P. Singer (Eds.), The Great Ape Project: Equality Beyond Humanity. Macmillan.Furness W. (1916). Observations on the mentality of chimpanzees and orangutans. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 65:281-290.Gardner R.A., & Gardner B.T. (1998). The structure of learning from sign stimuli to sign language. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Hess E. (2008). Nim Chimpsky: The chimp who would be human. New York: BantamJohansson, S (2005) Origins of language. Constraints on hypotheses. Amsterdam: Benjamins.La Mettrie J. (1742). Man a machine. LaSalle, IL: Open Court, 1943.Limber J. (1982). What can chimps tell us about the origin of language? In S. Kuczaj (Ed.), Language development, 2. Hillsdale, N J: L E Erlbaum.Lorensen S. (2024). Communication is key: language learning and language acquisition in interspecies communication. Leviathan: Interdisciplinary Journal in English, (10):97–110.Miklósi A. (2002). Can dancing replace scientific approach: lost (again) in chimpocentrism. Commentary on Shanker & King (2002). Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25:633-634.Orlans F.B. (1998). Washoe and Her Successors. The human use of animals: case studies in ethical choice. Oxford University Press.Pepperberg I.M. (2017). Animal language studies: what happened?. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24(1):181–185.Rumbaugh D.M., Gill T.V., Brown J.V., von Glasersfeld E.C., Pisani P., Warner H., Bell C.L. (1973). A computer-controlled language training system for investigating the language skills of young apes". Behavior research methods and instrumentation, 5(5):385–392.Savage-Rumbaugh E.S., & Lewin R. (1994). Kanzi: The Ape at the Brink of the Human Mind. New York: Wiley.Savage-Rumbaugh E.S., Murphy J., Sevcik R.A., Brakke K.E., Williams S.L., & Rumbaugh D.M. (1993). Language comprehension in ape and child. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 58(3-4):1–222. Savage-Rumbaugh E.S., Rumbaugh D.M., & Boysen S. (1978). Symbolic communication between two chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Science, 201(4356):641–644.Savage-Rumbaugh E.S., Rumbaugh D.M., Smith S.T., & Lawson J. (1980). Reference: the linguistic essential. Science, 210(4472):922–925. Seidenberg M., & Petitto L. (1979). Signing behavior in apes: a critical review. Cognition, 7(2):177-215.Terrace H.S., Petitto L., Sanders R.J., & Bever T.G. (1979). Can an ape create a sentence?. Science, 206(4421):891–902.Terrace H.S. (2019). Why chimpanzees can't learn language and only humans can. Columbia University Press.Wong R.O. (1995). Use, disuse, and growth of brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 92:1797-1799.Yerkes R.M., & Yerkes A. (1929). The great ape. New Haven: Yale University Press.

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